Early European encounters with Buddhist practices recalled primitive superstitions from imagined dark ages. Eighteenth-century engraver Bernard Picart termed the Dalai Lama "Supreme Pontiff of all Tartarian idolaters," while Jean-Jacques Rousseau grouped Japanese and Tibetan faiths with Catholicism as "priestly religions...so evidently corrupt that demonstrating their flaws seems redundant." To these commentators, Christian civilization had progressed beyond folk devotion and monastic dominance, while Buddhism appeared mired in archaic patterns. These intercultural meetings and their underlying prejudices would influence both colonizing powers and colonized Buddhist societies.
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